Bioprospection and selection of bacteria isolated from environments contaminated with petrochemical residues for application in bioremediation.

The use of microorganisms with hydrocarbon degrading capability and biosurfactant producers have emerged as an alternative for sustainable treatment of environmental passives. In this study 45 bacteria were isolated from samples contaminated with petrochemical residues, from which 21 were obtained from Landfarming soil contaminated with oily sludge, 11 were obtained from petrochemical industry effluents and 13 were originated directly from oily sludge. The metabolization capability of different carbon sources, growth capacity and tolerance, biosurfactant production and enzymes detection were determined. A preliminary selection carried out through the analysis of capability for degrading hydrocarbons showed that 22% of the isolates were able to degrade all carbon sources employed. On the other hand, in 36% of the isolates, the degradation of the oily sludge started within 18-48 h. Those isolates were considered as the most efficient ones. Twenty isolates, identified based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, were pre-selected. These isolates showed ability for growing in a medium containing 1% of oily sludge as the sole carbon source, tolerance in a medium containing up to 30% of oily sludge, ability for biosurfactant production, and expression of enzymes involved in degradation of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Five bacteria, identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila BB5, Bacillus megaterium BB6, Bacillus cibi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus BS20 were shown to be promising for use as inoculum in bioremediation processes (bioaugmentation) of areas contaminated with petrochemical residues since they can use oily sludge as the sole carbon source and produce biosurfactants.

Biodegradation potential of oily sludge by pure and mixed bacterial cultures.

The biodegradation capacity of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of petrochemical oily sludge in liquid medium by a bacterial consortium and five pure bacterial cultures was analyzed. Three bacteria isolated from petrochemical oily sludge, identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus cibi, and two bacteria isolated from a soil contaminated by petrochemical waste, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus demonstrated efficiency in oily sludge degradation when cultivated during 40 days. The bacterial consortium demonstrated an excellent oily sludge degradation capacity, reducing 90.7% of the aliphatic fraction and 51.8% of the aromatic fraction, as well as biosurfactant production capacity, achieving 39.4% reduction of surface tension of the culture medium and an emulsifying activity of 55.1%. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium has potential to be applied in bioremediation of petrochemical oily sludge contaminated environments, favoring the reduction of environmental passives and increasing industrial productivity.

Antimicrobial activity of propolis extract against Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Malassezia pachydermatis of canine otitis.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of propolis extract by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for Malassezia pachydermatis isolates. The microorganisms were assayed using broth microdilution techniques. The MBC(90) was 21 mg mL(-1), and the MFC(90) was 5.3 mg mL(-1). The propolis extract was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against both pathogens.

Molecular characterization of Rhodococcus equi from horse-breeding farms by means of multiplex PCR for the vap gene family.

This study evaluated the molecular characteristics of Rhodococcus equi isolates obtained from horses by a multiplex PCR assay that amplifies the vap gene family (vapA, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F, -G, and -H). A total of 180 R. equi isolates were studied from four different sources, namely healthy horse feces (112), soil (12), stalls (23), and clinical isolates (33) from horse-breeding farms. The technique was performed and confirmed by sequencing of amplified vap gene family controls. Thirty-two (17.8%) of the R. equi isolates were positive for the vapA gene and carried at least three other vap genes. All 147 isolates from equine feces, stalls, and soil failed to demonstrate any genes associated with virulence-inducing proteins. About 32 (97.0%) out of the 33 clinical equine isolates tested positive for the multiplex PCR assay for the vap gene family. They demonstrated six molecular profiles: 100% featured the vapA, vapD, and vapG genes, 86.6% vapF, 76.6% vapH, 43.3% vapC, 36.6% vapE, and none vapB. The most frequent molecular profile was vap A, -D, -F, G, and -H, where this profile was present in 37.5% of the strains. Moreover, there was no molecular epidemiological pattern for R. equi isolates that uniquely mapped to each horse-breeding farm studied. Our proposed technique allows the identification of eight members of the vap gene family (vapA, B, -C, -D, -E, -F, -G, and -H). It is a practical and efficient method of conducting clinical and epidemiological studies on R. equi isolates.

Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract of swine in southern of Brazil / Fatores de virulência e resistência aos antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli isoladas do trato urinário de suínos do Sul do Brasil

The present study determined the molecular and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates from urinary tract of swine in Southern of Brazil. Molecular characterization of urinary vesicle samples was performed by PCR detection of virulence factors from ETEC, STEC and UPEC. From a total of 82 E. coli isolates, 34 (38.63 percent) harbored one or more virulence factors. The frequency of virulence factors genes detected by PCR were: pap (10.97 percent), hlyA (10.97 percent), iha (9.75 percent), lt (8.53 percent), sta (7.31 percent) sfa (6.09 percent), f4 (4.87 percent), f5 (4.87 percent), stb (4.87 percent), f6 (1.21 percent) and f41 (1.21 percent). Isolates were resistant to penicillin (95.12 percent), lincomycin (93.9 percent), erythromycin (92.68 percent), tetracycline (90.24 percent), amoxicillin (82.92 percent), ampicillin (74.39 percent), josamycin (79.26 percent), norfloxacin (58.53 percent), enrofloxacin (57.31 percent), gentamicin (39.02 percent), neomycin (37.8 percent), apramycin (30.48 percent), colistine (30.48 percent) and cefalexin (6.09 percent). A number of 32 (39.02 percent) E. coli isolates harbored plasmids.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar os padrões moleculares e de resistência aos antimicrobianos de isolados de E. coli provenientes do trato urinário de suínos no Sul do Brasil. Os fatores estudados dividiram os patotipos ETEC, STEC e UPEC. Trinta e quatro (38,63 por cento) isolados avaliados apresentavam um ou mais dos fatores de virulência pesquisados. A freqüência dos genes de virulência detectados foram: pap (10,97 por cento), hlyA (10,97 por cento), iha (9,75 por cento), lt (8,53 por cento), sta (7,31 por cento) sfa (6,09 por cento), f4 (4,87 por cento), f5 (4,87 por cento), stb (4,87 por cento), f6 (1,21 por cento) e f41 (1,21 por cento). Os isolados foram resistentes à penicilina (95,12 por cento), lincomicina (93,9 por cento), eritromicina (92,68 por cento), tetraciclina (90,24 por cento), amoxacilina (82,92 por cento), ampicilina (74,39 por cento), josamicina (79,26 por cento), norfloxacina (58,53 por cento), enrofloxacina (57,31 por cento), gentamicina (39,02 por cento), neomicina (37,8 por cento), apramicina (30,48 por cento), colistina (30,48 por cento) e cefalexina (6,09 por cento). Trinta e dois (39,02 por cento) isolados de E. coli continham plasmídeos.

Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract of swine in southern of Brazil.

The present study determined the molecular and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates from urinary tract of swine in Southern of Brazil. Molecular characterization of urinary vesicle samples was performed by PCR detection of virulence factors from ETEC, STEC and UPEC. From a total of 82 E. coli isolates, 34 (38.63%) harbored one or more virulence factors. The frequency of virulence factors genes detected by PCR were: pap (10.97%), hlyA (10.97%), iha (9.75%), lt (8.53%), sta (7.31%) sfa (6.09%), f4 (4.87%), f5 (4.87%), stb (4.87%), f6 (1.21%) and f41 (1.21%). Isolates were resistant to penicillin (95.12%), lincomycin (93.9%), erythromycin (92.68%), tetracycline (90.24%), amoxicillin (82.92%), ampicillin (74.39%), josamycin (79.26%), norfloxacin (58.53%), enrofloxacin (57.31%), gentamicin (39.02%), neomycin (37.8%), apramycin (30.48%), colistine (30.48%) and cefalexin (6.09%). A number of 32 (39.02%) E. coli isolates harbored plasmids.